Essay on Jane Austens Emma - 1813 Words

Jane Austens Emma Beautiful dresses, passionate romances, elegant parties, a general state of leisure and happiness – these are only a few of the idealistic views of the nineteenth century. In her novel, Emma, Jane Austen paints a much more realistic picture of the ins and outs of high society in England of the 1800’s. Through the presumptions and pride of the characters of heroine, Emma Woodhouse, and secondary character, Mrs. Elton, Austen presents a stark critique of the social assumptions and diplomatic maneuvering so common of the society of her time, however, by the end of the novel, Austen’s critique is made clear by a subtle foil of these two characters – Emma having been the only one of the two to learn her lesson.†¦show more content†¦This concept of Harriet being Emma’s toy is made even clearer when Emma paints a likeness of Harriet. Austen tells that Emma embellishes the painting â€Å"as she meant to throw in a little improvement to the figu re, to give a little more height and considerably more elegance† (55). In doing this, Emma completes her re-creation, for now she has formed Harriet’s demeanor and given her a new physical image as well. As if this were not enough, Emma also reigns over Harriet’s love life. After Harriet is proposed to by Mr. Martin, whom the reader is left to assume that she actually does love, Emma talks her into refusing the proposal and denying her feelings for him. It may be said that Harriet is too submissive in all matters with Emma, but certainly Emma’s class superiority to Harriet’s demanded respect. But this is the very thing that Emma takes advantage of as she tells Harriet that in marrying Mr. Martin, she would be forfeiting Hartfield, Emma’s home, because Emma could not stoop so low as to be in acquaintance with a farmer and his wife. This near dictatorship over Harriet is a constant theme of their relationship for the majority of the novel . The relationship between Emma and Harriet is in many ways paralleled in that of Mrs. Elton and Jane Fairfax, who, like Harriet, has no roots to claim, and is viewed by Mrs. Elton as being in great need of a superior lady to guide her. Of Jane’sShow MoreRelated Jane Austens Emma Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austens Emma Jane Austen does indeed present a picture of a community who look to each other for entertainment as well as support, and are content with their limited outlook. The story never leaves the close surroundings of Highbury and there is no desire to do so. When the party goes to Box Hill, away from Highbury, there is tension and the trip is not enjoyed. It is interesting to note that the three characters that come into Highbury, are those which have the potential to ruinRead MoreJane Austens Emma Essay1958 Words   |  8 PagesChantal Fauconier This essay shall explore Jane Austen’s novel, Emma. Jane Austen’s writings were greatly influenced by the society she came from. She grew up in the Victorian era whereby the status of women was very limited. Women could not vote, they received inferior education to their male counterparts and were limited to domestic occupations (Williams in Marshall Williams 2002:5). This is the context in which Emma was written. Emma highlights the idea that women have only two goodRead MoreEssay about Emma in Jane Austens Emma731 Words   |  3 PagesEmma in Jane Austens Emma For the greater part of the book, Emma is allowed a much greater level of social and moral freedom than any other character in the book. As the opening chapter has it, the real evils of Emmas situation were having rather too much her own way. For Austen, the use of the word evil is not as a throwaway term, it is meant to give a very strong impression of how the heroine is trapped by her freedom into becoming arrogant and interfering. Read MoreEssay Feminism and Jane Austens Emma1151 Words   |  5 Pagesfeminist in social status was not popular by that time, author can only through literature to express her thought and discontented about society. Jane Austen’s Emma advocates a concept about the equality of men and women. Also satirizes women would depend on marriage in exchange to make a living or money in that era. By the effect of society bourgeois, Emma has little self-arrogant. She is a middle class that everyone could admire, â€Å"Young, pretty, rich and clever†, she has whatever she needs. She disdainsRead More Views of Marriage in Jane Austens Emma Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesViews of Marriage in Jane Austens Emma The dominant theme that constantly runs through this novel is that of marriage. All of the important activities of the novel are focused around various attempts from Emma, to arrange them, prevent them, or hinder them; this idea is empathized in both chapter 1, where Emma replies in discussion to Miss Taylors marriage I made up my mind on the subject. I planned the match from that hour, and in chapter 7 when Emma is told by Harriet of Mr MartinsRead MoreJane Austens Emma - Character Analysis of Protagonist1656 Words   |  7 PagesEmma Woodhouse: Awake or Dreaming? A dream. A world where ideas run wild and imagination is the primary mode of thought. Reality is a faraway distance. Eventually, the dream comes to an end as reality creeps into sleep and the fantasy finishes. The story of Jane Austen’s Emma is one of a similar account. Emma Woodhouse, the main character, has an active imagination that causes her to loose sight of reality like getting lost in dreaming. Her imagination and â€Å"disposition to think a little too wellRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Emma in Jane Austens quot;Emmaquot; Essay867 Words   |  4 Pages `Emma was written by Jane Austen in 1816. In all her novels, she is primarily a moral writer, striving to establish criteria of sound judgement and right conduct in human life. In Emma she presents her lesson so astutely and so dramatically, with such a minimum of exposition, that she places extreme demands upon the readers perceptiveness. Emma was her fourth novel. Lord David Cecil described it as `Jane Austens profoundest comedy. It has frequently been applauded for its `engaging, dearRead MoreJane Austens Emma - Character Analysis of Protagonist1665 Words   |  7 PagesEmma Woodhouse: Awake or Dreaming? A dream. A world where ideas run wild and imagination is the primary mode of thought. Reality is a faraway distance. Eventually, the dream comes to an end as reality creeps into sleep and the fantasy finishes. The story of Jane Austen’s Emma is one of a similar account. Emma Woodhouse, the main character, has an active imagination that causes her to loose sight of reality like getting lost in dreaming. Her imagination and â€Å"disposition to think a little too wellRead MoreEssay on Hierarchy of Language in Jane Austens Emma6386 Words   |  26 Pages Jane Austen writes social novels. Her societies are microcosms of relative stability in a rapidly changing world. Within these restricted realms, class structure is rigid; however, members of this society participate in one common activity: discourse. Due to the vagaries and incompetencies among the characters, not all conversations in Emma conform to the ideals of communication, and in fact, contribute to the promulgation of t he central conflict. Henry Fielding proposed in his Miscellanies, thatRead More Societal Authority in Jane Austens Emma Essay2054 Words   |  9 Pagesthan in Jane Austen’s Emma. In Emma, Austen uses narrative style, characterization, and the plot device of word games to illustrate the ever-present power of hierarchical control. Emmas plot seemingly hovers around the superficial theme of strategic matchmaking. But while this is an important aspect of Emma, it serves primarily as a catalyst to illustrate the much bigger idea of societal authority present in the novel. Word games play a huge role in the plot development of Emma. . . . Emma is itself

Revenge By William Shakespeare s Hamlet, And Sophocles ...

Introduction Revenge has always been an exciting theme to incorporate into any literary work. This revenge adds conflict, action, and contrast to any story. There have been hundreds of thousands of stories and tales which cause readers to experience similar feeling to that of the main characters. With revenge, the reader may side with the main character whether or not the main character is morally right or wrong. By human nature, people around the globe have always been trying their hardest to come out on top in arguments or fights (Price 2009). As humans, they want to win. This is how a story about revenge is so well loved and experienced by many as it relates well with human nature and how a person would react to these situations. It is a natural feeling every single person feels at some point in their lives. Two well-known tales call this vengeful mode of literary artwork their own as they both portray characters who strive for revenge. These stories are Shakespeare’s Hamlet, and Sophoc les’ Antigone. Shakespeare, a very famous playwright created his play with the intention of showing the audience how revenge returns to haunt the vengeful. He also showed how seeking revenge is not the ideal way of dealing with a situation. Sophocles created his play to show how justice can be better and more worthy than just seeking revenge. But he also how to be careful for seeking justice can turn into seeking revenge and a full circle back to the demise of the vengeful as well. There

Biography of John Donne Free Essays

Biography of John Donne John Donne was an English poet, satirist, lawyer and priest. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of John Donne or any similar topic only for you Order Now His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, especially compared to that of his contemporaries. Donne’s style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques. His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of British society and he met that knowledge with sharp criticism. Another important theme in Donne’s poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and theorising about. He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems. He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits. Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends. He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes, and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne Moore, with whom he had twelve children. In 1615, he became an Anglican priest, although he did not want to take Anglican orders. He did so because King James I persistently ordered it. In 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral in London. He also served as a member of parliament in 1601 and in 1614. Biography Early Life Donne was born in London, into a Roman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne was the third of six children. His father, also named John Donne, was of Welsh descent and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London. Donne’s father was a respected Roman Catholic who avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of persecution. Donne’s father died in 1576, leaving his wife, Elizabeth Heywood, the responsibility of raising their children. Elizabeth was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood, the playwright, and sister of the Reverend Jasper Heywood, a Jesuit priest and translator. She was a great-niece of the Roman Catholic martyr Thomas More. This tradition of martyrdom would continue among Donne’s closer relatives, many of whom were executed or exiled for religious reasons. Donne was educated privately; however, there is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits. Donne’s mother married Dr. John Syminges, a wealthy widower with three children, a few months after Donne’s father died. Two more of his sisters, Mary and Katherine, died in 1581. Donne’s mother, who had lived in the Deanery after Donne became Dean of St. Paul’s, survived him, dying in 1632. Donne was a student at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, Oxford, from the age of 11. After three years at Oxford he was admitted to the University of Cambridge, where he studied for another three years. He was unable to obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he could not take the Oath of Supremacy required of graduates. In 1591 he was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. On 6 May 1592 he was admitted to Lincoln’s Inn, one of the Inns of Court. His brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, whom Henry betrayed under torture. Harrington was tortured on the rack, hanged until not quite dead, then was subjected to disembowelment. Henry Donne died in Newgate prison of bubonic plague, leading John Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith. During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel. Although there is no record detailing precisely where he travelled, it is known that he travelled across Europe and later fought with the Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against the Spanish at Cadiz (1596) and the Azores (1597) and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, the San Felipe. According to Izaak Walton, who wrote a biography of Donne in 1658: .. he returned not back into England till he had stayed some years, first in Italy, and then in Spain, where he made many useful observations of those countries, their laws and manner of government, and returned perfect in their languages. —Izaak Walton By the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking. He was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Sir Thomas Egerton, and was established at Egerton’s London home, York House, Strand close to the Palace of Whitehall, then the most influential social centre in England. Marriage to Anne More During the next four years, he fell in love with Egerton’s niece Anne More. They were married just before Christmas in 1601, against the wishes of both Egerton and George More, who was Lieutenant of the Tower and Anne’s father. This wedding ruined Donne’s career and earned him a short stay in Fleet Prison, along with Samuel Brooke, who married them, and the man who acted as a witness to the wedding. Donne was released when the marriage was proven valid, and he soon secured the release of the other two. Walton tells us that when Donne wrote to his wife to tell her about losing his post, he wrote after his name: John Donne, Anne Donne, Un-done. It was not until 1609 that Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife’s dowry. After his release, Donne had to accept a retired country life in Pyrford, Surrey. Over the next few years, he scraped a meagre living as a lawyer, depending on his wife’s cousin Sir Francis Wolly to house him, his wife, and their children. Because Anne Donne bore a new baby almost every year, this was a very generous gesture. Though he practised law and may have worked as an assistant pamphleteer to Thomas Morton, Donne was in a constant state of financial insecurity, with a growing family to provide for. Anne bore twelve children in sixteen years of marriage (including two stillbirths—their eighth and then, in 1617, their last child); indeed, she spent most of her married life either pregnant or nursing. The ten surviving children were Constance, John, George, Francis, Lucy (named after Donne’s patroness Lucy, Countess of Bedford, her godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret, and Elizabeth. Francis, Nicholas, and Mary died before they were ten. In a state of despair, Donne noted that the death of a child would mean one less mouth to feed, but he could not afford the burial expenses. During this time, Donne wrote, but did not publish, Biathanatos, his defence of suicide. His wife died on 15 August 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a still-born baby. Donne mourned her deeply, and wrote of his love and loss in his 17th Holy Sonnet. Career and Later Life Donne was elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Brackley in 1602, but this was not a paid position. The fashion for coterie poetry of the period gave him a means to seek patronage and many of his poems were written for wealthy friends or patrons, especially Sir Robert Drury, who came to be Donne’s chief patron in 1610. Donne wrote the two Anniversaries, An Anatomy of the World (1611) and Of the Progress of the Soul, (1612), for Drury. In 1610 and 1611 he wrote two anti-Catholic polemics: Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius his Conclave. Although James was pleased with Donne’s work, he refused to reinstate him at court and instead urged him to take holy orders. At length, Donne acceded to the King’s wishes and in 1615 was ordained into the Church of England. Donne was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity from Cambridge in 1615 and became a Royal Chaplain in the same year, and was made a Reader of Divinity at Lincoln’s Inn in 1616. In 1618 he became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster, who was on an embassy to the princes of Germany. Donne did not return to England until 1620. In 1621 Donne was made Dean of St Paul’s, a leading (and well-paid) position in the Church of England and one he held until his death in 1631. During his period as Dean his daughter Lucy died, aged eighteen. In late November and early December 1623 he suffered a nearly fatal illness, thought to be either typhus or a combination of a cold followed by a period of fever. During his convalescence he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain, and sickness that were published as a book in 1624 under the title of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. One of these meditations, Meditation XVII, later became well known for its phrase â€Å"for whom the bell tolls† and the statement that â€Å"no man is an island†. In 1624 he became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and 1625 a prolocutor to Charles I. He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and 160 of his sermons have survived, including the famous Death’s Duel sermon delivered at the Palace of Whitehall before King Charles I in February 1631. Death It is thought that his final illness was stomach cancer, although this has not been proven. He died on 31 March 1631 having written many poems, most only in manuscript. Donne was buried in old St Paul’s Cathedral, where a memorial statue of him was erected (carved from a drawing of him in his shroud), with a Latin epigraph probably composed by himself. Donne’s monument survived the 1666 fire, and is on display in the present building. Writings Early Poetry Donne’s earliest poems showed a developed knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of its problems. His satires dealt with common Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets, and pompous courtiers. His images of sickness, vomit, manure, and plague reflected his strongly satiric view of a world populated by all the fools and knaves of England. His third satire, however, deals with the problem of true religion, a matter of great importance to Donne. He argued that it was better to examine carefully one’s religious convictions than blindly to follow any established tradition, for none would be saved at the Final Judgment, by claiming â€Å"A Harry, or a Martin taught [them] this. † Donne’s early career was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially his elegies, in which he employed unconventional metaphors, such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex. In Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed, he poetically undressed his mistress and compared the act of fondling to the exploration of America. In Elegy XVIII, he compared the gap between his lover’s breasts to the Hellespont. Donne did not publish these poems, although did allow them to circulate widely in manuscript form. â€Å"†¦ any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee.. † — Donne, Meditation XVII Some have speculated that Donne’s numerous illnesses, financial strain, and the deaths of his friends all contributed to the development of a more somber and pious tone in his later poems. The change can be clearly seen in â€Å"An Anatomy of the World† (1611), a poem that Donne wrote in memory of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. This poem treats Elizabeth’s demise with extreme gloominess, using it as a symbol for the Fall of Man and the destruction of the universe. The poem â€Å"A Nocturnal upon S. Lucy’s Day, Being the Shortest Day†, concerns the poet’s despair at the death of a loved one. In it Donne expresses a feeling of utter negation and hopelessness, saying that â€Å"I am every dead thing†¦ re-begot / Of absence, darkness, death. This famous work was probably written in 1627 when both Donne’s friend Lucy, Countess of Bedford, and his daughter Lucy Donne died. Three years later, in 1630, Donne wrote his will on Saint Lucy’s day (13 December), the date the poem describes as â€Å"Both the year’s, and the day’s deep midnight. † The increasin g gloominess of Donne’s tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period. His early belief in the value of scepticism now gave way to a firm faith in the traditional teachings of the Bible. Having converted to the Anglican Church, Donne focused his literary career on religious literature. He quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. The lines of these sermons would come to influence future works of English literature, such as Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls, which took its title from a passage in Meditation XVII of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, and Thomas Merton’s No Man is an Island, which took its title from the same source. Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many men, on the grounds of his belief that those who die are sent to Heaven to live eternally. One example of this challenge is his Holy Sonnet X, Death Be Not Proud, from which come the famous lines â€Å"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so. † Even as he lay dying during Lent in 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered the Death’s Duel sermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon. Death’s Duel portrays life as a steady descent to suffering and death, yet sees hope in salvation and immortality through an embrace of God, Christ and the Resurrection. Style His work has received much criticism over the years, especially concerning his metaphysical form. Donne is generally considered the most prominent member of the Metaphysical poets, a phrase coined in 1781 by the critic Dr Johnson, following a comment on Donne by the poet John Dryden. Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: â€Å"He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love. In Life of Cowley (from Samuel Johnson’s 1781 work of biography and criticism Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets), Johnson refers to the beginning of the seventeenth century in which there â€Å"appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets†. Donne’s immediate successors in poetry therefore tended to regard his works with ambivalence, with the Neoclassical poets regarding his conceits as abuse of the metaphor. However he was revived by Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Browning, though his more recent revival in the early twentieth century by poets such as T. S. Eliot and critics like F R Leavis tended to portray him, with approval, as an anti-Romantic. Donne’s work suggests a healthy appetite for life and its pleasures, while also expressing deep emotion. He did this through the use of conceits, wit and intellect—as seen in the poems â€Å"The Sun Rising† and â€Å"Batter My Heart†. Donne is considered a master of the metaphysical conceit, an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea, often using imagery. An example of this is his equation of lovers with saints in â€Å"The Canonization†. Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed cliched comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne’s conceits is found in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† where he compares two lovers who are separated to the two legs of a compass. Donne’s works are also witty, employing paradoxes, puns, and subtle yet remarkable analogies. His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding love and human motives. Common subjects of Donne’s poems are love (especially in his early life), death (especially after his wife’s death), and religion. John Donne’s poetry represented a shift from classical forms to more personal poetry. Donne is noted for his poetic metre, which was structured with changing and jagged rhythms that closely resemble casual speech (it was for this that the more classical-minded Ben Jonson commented that â€Å"Donne, for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging†). Some scholars believe that Donne’s literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poetry and satires from his youth and religious sermons during his later years. Other scholars, such as Helen Gardner, question the validity of this dating—most of his poems were published posthumously (1633). The exception to these is his Anniversaries which were published in 1612 and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions published in 1624. His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year. Legacy Donne is commemorated as a priest in the calendar of the Church of England and in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 31 March. Sylvia Plath, interviewed on BBC Radio in late 1962, said the following about a book review of her collection of poems titled The Colossus that had been published in the United Kingdom two years earlier: â€Å"I remember being appalled when someone criticised me for beginning just like John Donne but not quite managing to finish like John Donne, and I felt the weight of English literature on me at that point. The memorial to Donne, modelled after the engraving pictured above, was one of the few such memorials to survive the Great Fire of London in 1666 and now appears in St Paul’s Cathedral where Donne is buried. Donne in Literature In Margaret Edson’s Pulitzer prize-winning play Wit (1999), the main character, a professor of 17th century poetry specialising in Donne, is dying of cancer. The play was adapted for the HBO film Wit starring Emma Thompson. Donne’s Songs and Sonnets feature in The Calligrapher (2003), a novel by Edward Docx. In the 2006 novel The Meaning of Night by Michael Cox, Donne’s works are frequently quoted. Donne appears, along with his wife Anne and daughter Pegge, in the award-winning novel Conceit (2007) by Mary Novik. Joseph Brodsky has a poem called â€Å"Elegy for John Donne†. The love story of Donne and Anne More is the subject of Maeve Haran’s 2010 historical novel The Lady and the Poet. An excerpt from â€Å"Meditation 17 Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions† serves as the opening for Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom The Bell Tolls. Marilynne Robinson’s Pulitzer prize-winning novel Gilead makes several references to Donne’s work. Donne is the favourite poet of Dorothy Sayers’ fictional detective Lord Peter Wimsey, and the Wimsey books include numerous quotations from, and allusions to, his work. Donne’s poem ‘A Fever’ (incorrectly called ‘The Fever’) is mentioned in the penultimate paragraph of the novel â€Å"The Silence of the Lambs† by Thomas Harris. Edmund â€Å"Bunny† Corcoran writes a paper on Donne in Donna Tartt’s novel The Secret History, in which he ties together Donne and Izaak Walton with help of an imaginary philosophy called â€Å"Metahemeralism†. Donne plays a significant role in Christie Dickason’s The Noble Assassin (2011), a novel based on the life of Donne’s patron and putative lover, Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. Donne in Popular Culture John Renbourn, on his 1966 debut album John Renbourn, sings a version of the poem, â€Å"Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star†. (He alters the last line to â€Å"False, ere I count one, two, three. â€Å") Tarwater, in their album Salon des Refuses, have put â€Å"The Relic† to song. The plot of Neil Gaiman’s novel Stardust is based upon the poem â€Å"Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star,† with the fallen star turned into a major character. Bob Chilcott has arranged a choral piece to Donne’s â€Å"Go and Catch a Falling Star†. Van Morrison pays tribute to the poet on â€Å"Rave On John Donne† and makes references in many other songs. Lost in Austen, the British mini series based on Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, has Bingley refer to Donne when he describes taking Jane to America, â€Å"John Donne, don’t you know? ‘License my roving hands,’ and so forth. † Las How to cite Biography of John Donne, Essay examples

Concept Of Map And Guided Response - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.The pathogenesis causing manifestations manifested inMrsBrown. 2. Nursing strategies to manageMrsBrown condition. 3. Mechanism of action of IV furosemide and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate. Answers: The pathogenesis causing manifestations manifested in Mrs Brown Severe dyspnoea First, the severe dyspnoea that was revealed in Mrs Brown is a breathing discomfort that is characterized by shortness of breath (Yancy et al., 2013). Cardiovascular conditions such as low cardiac output and ischemic heart disease is an important cause of dyspnoea. The patient may have developed the condition after an intense exercise, high altitude experience or adverse changes in temperature. According to Yancy et al. (2013), Mrs Browns condition may have been caused by her sedentary lifestyle, asthma and interstitial lung infection among other coronary and pulmonary conditions. The conditions may have reduced the oxygen carrying capacity leading to cardiac failure and subsequently the shortness of breath. Increased anxiety, allergic reactions, anaemia, and pneumonia are also attributed to severe cases of dyspnoea. According to McMurray et al. (2012), Mrs Brown may have also been exposed to dangerous levels of carbon monoxide or as a result of her other heart problems that include pulmonary hypertension. Severe dyspnoea that the doctors diagnosed is majorly triggered by environmental pollutants such as smoke and chemicals that may have made it difficult for Mrs Brown to breathe normally (Wagner et al., 2014). Also, if Mrs Brown was asthmatic, then exposure to allergens such as pollen could have triggered severe dyspnoea episodes. Comprehensive physical examinations of using chest X-rays and CT images revealed more accurate diagnosis of Mrs Browns heart, lungs and associated system to ascertain the stipulated causes of severe dyspnoea (Slaughter et al., 2010). Respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute Correspondingly, a respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute indicates acute reactive airways diseases such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and pneumonia. According to Wagner et al. (2014), the normal respiratory rate for older patients such as Mrs Brown should be between 12 and 18 breaths/minute. Thus, a pulmonary rate above the average especially in elderly patients like Mrs Brown indicated hypotension and necessitated immediate medical assessment. Asthma, lung and heart conditions can also cause rapid respiratory rate that Mrs Brown was experiencing. Research by Aitken, Marshall, Chaboyer (2016) also attributes to increased respiratory rate to Mrs Browns possible response to stress, unknown pain, and anger, or even a possible overdose of aspirin. SpO2 85% Moreover, SpO2 85% indicates an oxygen level of about 85% that the doctors established in Mrs Brown. According to Slaughter et al. (2010), the normal oxygen saturation degree in an individuals blood should be between 92% and 94%. Therefore, the 85% established implied that Mrs Browns body was not getting enough oxygen and straining her heart and other body organs. The chronic level of oxygen can be accredited to heart or lung diseases that Mrs Brown may have suffered from in the past. Also, according to Yancy et al. (2013), sleep disorder (obstructive sleep apnoea) may cause the airway not to open especially during sleep resulting in little oxygen circulation fully. BP 170/95mmHg Besides, the BP 170/95mmHg diagnosed implied that Mrs Brown had a high blood pressure (hypertension) of stage 2. According to McMurray et al. (2012), a blood pressure greater than 120/80mm Hg is considered to be above normal and must be controlled. Smoking, obesity majorly causes blood pressure, inadequate physical activity, increased salt consumption and stress. Also, the condition can be caused by old age, genetic, sleep apnoea and chronic heart and kidney conditions. Mrs. Brown had been diagnosed with a heart failure two years back, implying that the hypertension he is suffering from might be the result of the complications of the ongoing diagnosis. As a result of left ventricle dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension might arise due to the passive backward transmission of elevated left-sided filling pressures which occur due to systolic or diastolic LV dysfunction (Rosenkranz 2016). As per the authors, patients with left ventricular heart failure (HF) are likely to suffer the develop ment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and there is a significant impact on disease progression, morbidity, and mortality. A pulse rate of 120 beats/minute Also, a pulse rate of 120 beats/minute especially when resting or sleeping in the case of Mrs Brown is abnormal. According to Slaughter et al. (2010), a standard pulse rate should be between 60 and 100 beats/minute. Some of the things that may have caused Mrs Browns heart beat to increase above the standard rate include high blood pressure, food allergies and thyroid diseases. It is to be noted that Mrs. Brown had already been diagnosed with heart failure 2 years back. High blood pressure might also lead to heart failure due to left ventricular hypertrophy. Ventricular hypertrophy is the thickening of the heart muscle that leads to muscle relaxation between heart beats that are less effective. The heart is incapable of pumping blood for reaching to the organs of the body, especially at the time of exercises. Due to this, the body holds on to the fluids and the heart rate increases. Asthma, smoking and sedentary lifestyle are also attributed to increased heartbeat (Craft et al., 2015) . Lungs auscultation Lastly, given that the auscultation of Mrs Browns lungs identified bilateral basal crackles, she maybe had excess fluid in her lungs. Bilateral basal crackles are majorly caused by pneumonia which results into pus-filled and inflamed air sacs in the lungs. Likewise, bronchitis (that may lead to a severe cough and wheezing) and pulmonary oedema (causes blood pressure and collection of fluid in the lungs air sacs) are important causes of bilateral basal crackles (Yancy et al., 2013). Nursing strategies to manage Mrs Brown condition The first major policy is the comprehensive nursing assessment that includes various non-pharmacological interventions. Under this strategy, the nurses focus primarily on patient observation to ascertain the effectiveness of the treatment and intervention procedures (Wagner et al., 2014). The nurses are also tasked with understanding and implementing various patient self-management strategies. As such, the nurses will first assess Mrs Browns health history to establish conditions such as dyspnoea and oedema. The patients understanding of left heart failure is also explored coupled with other relevant physical examination (McMurray et al., 2012). For example, in the case of Mrs Brown, the nurses auscultated the lungs to establish the presence of crackles and wheezes. This nursing strategy will also involve measuring the urinary output of Mrs Brown as a form of diuretic therapy (Craft et al., 2015). The care plan under this strategy includes the promotion of patients physical activity and stressing of the patients self-care program among other relevant programs. Also, there is the pharmacological nursing management strategy that includes using diuretics to relieve associated systems of left heart failure such as oedema (Aitken, Marshall, Chaboyer, 2016). For instance, given that Mrs Brown has a history of heart failure, aspirin will be the most efficient anti-heart failure medication. Mechanism of action of IV furosemide and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate IV furosemide is a potent diuretic that is used in the elimination of water and salt from the body (Aitken, Marshall, Chaboyer, 2016). The drug function by blocking sodium, chloride, and water from being absorbed in the kidney tubules. After an oral admission of IV furosemide, there will be an increase in urine output that is eliminated from the body. The recommended dosage of IV furosemide is 20-80 mg per dose among adults administered every 6-8 hours. Correspondingly, sublingual glyceryl trinitrate works by making the bodys veins and arteries to relax and dilate making it easier for the heart to pump more blood to other parts of the patients body (McMurray et al., 2012). The drug with is orally administered is quickly absorbed into the body and prevent possible heart attack, high blood pressure, and chest pains. Nursing implication of the stipulated drugs Common side effects of IV furosemide include reduced blood pressure, dehydration, nausea, diarrhoea, dizziness and abnormal pain. Some of the side effects of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate also include a headache, dizziness, fainting, increased heartbeat, tongue ulcers and allergic reactions. The nurse must educate the patient about these potential side effects so that the patient is aware of the medical conditions that require immediate medical attention. Educating the patient about the side effect ensures that she is able to demonstrate self-management techniques for combating medical emergencies. Diuretic therapy through the administration of Furosemide is significant in providing the patient with a sense of relief from the symptoms of fluid retention associated with heart failure. The nurse is required to monitor and record the weight, pulse, blood pressure and lung sounds of the patient. In addition, the patient needs to be assessed for peripheral oedema. In case the patient is hypotensive, that is the systolic pressure is less than 100 mmHg, and there are signs of dizziness, fatigue or muscle cramps, the cardiologist is to be consulted at the earliest. The patient has to be reviewed the next day, and the symptoms are to be assessed again. The main element of the reassessment would be fluid status. This can be monitored by assessing the mucous membrane and skin integrity. When Sublingual glyceryl trinitrate is given, it is imperative to assess the vital signs appropriately. The drug is to be administered with caution to patients who are hypotensive or hypovolemia. The patie nt needs to be checked for thee level of consciousness. Moisture on sublingual tissue is required for dissolution of a sublingual tablet, and this needs to be taken care of. The nurse must also look for symptoms such as a headache, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, fever and cold skin (Liley et al., 2014). References Aitken, L., Marshall, A., Chaboyer, W. (2016).Acccn's Critical Care Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Craft, J., Gordon, C., Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., Brashers, V. L. (2015).Understanding pathophysiology-ANZ adaptation. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., Snyder, J. S. (2014).Pharmacology and the Nursing Process-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. McMurray, J. J., Adamopoulos, S., Anker, S. D., Auricchio, A., Bhm, M., Dickstein, K., ... Jaarsma, T. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012.European journal of heart failure,14(8), 803-869. Slaughter, M. S., Pagani, F. D., Rogers, J. G., Miller, L. W., Sun, B., Russell, S. D., ... Adamson, R. M. (2010). Clinical management of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices in advanced heart failure.The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation,29(4), S1-S39. Wagner, K. D., Hardin-Pearce, M. G., Brenner, Z. R., Krenzer, M. (2014). High-acuity nursing. Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D. E., Drazner, M. H., ... Johnson, M. R. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure.Circulation, CIR-0b013e31829e8776.

Concept Of Map And Guided Response - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.The pathogenesis causing manifestations manifested inMrsBrown. 2. Nursing strategies to manageMrsBrown condition. 3. Mechanism of action of IV furosemide and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate. Answers: The pathogenesis causing manifestations manifested in Mrs Brown Severe dyspnoea First, the severe dyspnoea that was revealed in Mrs Brown is a breathing discomfort that is characterized by shortness of breath (Yancy et al., 2013). Cardiovascular conditions such as low cardiac output and ischemic heart disease is an important cause of dyspnoea. The patient may have developed the condition after an intense exercise, high altitude experience or adverse changes in temperature. According to Yancy et al. (2013), Mrs Browns condition may have been caused by her sedentary lifestyle, asthma and interstitial lung infection among other coronary and pulmonary conditions. The conditions may have reduced the oxygen carrying capacity leading to cardiac failure and subsequently the shortness of breath. Increased anxiety, allergic reactions, anaemia, and pneumonia are also attributed to severe cases of dyspnoea. According to McMurray et al. (2012), Mrs Brown may have also been exposed to dangerous levels of carbon monoxide or as a result of her other heart problems that include pulmonary hypertension. Severe dyspnoea that the doctors diagnosed is majorly triggered by environmental pollutants such as smoke and chemicals that may have made it difficult for Mrs Brown to breathe normally (Wagner et al., 2014). Also, if Mrs Brown was asthmatic, then exposure to allergens such as pollen could have triggered severe dyspnoea episodes. Comprehensive physical examinations of using chest X-rays and CT images revealed more accurate diagnosis of Mrs Browns heart, lungs and associated system to ascertain the stipulated causes of severe dyspnoea (Slaughter et al., 2010). Respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute Correspondingly, a respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute indicates acute reactive airways diseases such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and pneumonia. According to Wagner et al. (2014), the normal respiratory rate for older patients such as Mrs Brown should be between 12 and 18 breaths/minute. Thus, a pulmonary rate above the average especially in elderly patients like Mrs Brown indicated hypotension and necessitated immediate medical assessment. Asthma, lung and heart conditions can also cause rapid respiratory rate that Mrs Brown was experiencing. Research by Aitken, Marshall, Chaboyer (2016) also attributes to increased respiratory rate to Mrs Browns possible response to stress, unknown pain, and anger, or even a possible overdose of aspirin. SpO2 85% Moreover, SpO2 85% indicates an oxygen level of about 85% that the doctors established in Mrs Brown. According to Slaughter et al. (2010), the normal oxygen saturation degree in an individuals blood should be between 92% and 94%. Therefore, the 85% established implied that Mrs Browns body was not getting enough oxygen and straining her heart and other body organs. The chronic level of oxygen can be accredited to heart or lung diseases that Mrs Brown may have suffered from in the past. Also, according to Yancy et al. (2013), sleep disorder (obstructive sleep apnoea) may cause the airway not to open especially during sleep resulting in little oxygen circulation fully. BP 170/95mmHg Besides, the BP 170/95mmHg diagnosed implied that Mrs Brown had a high blood pressure (hypertension) of stage 2. According to McMurray et al. (2012), a blood pressure greater than 120/80mm Hg is considered to be above normal and must be controlled. Smoking, obesity majorly causes blood pressure, inadequate physical activity, increased salt consumption and stress. Also, the condition can be caused by old age, genetic, sleep apnoea and chronic heart and kidney conditions. Mrs. Brown had been diagnosed with a heart failure two years back, implying that the hypertension he is suffering from might be the result of the complications of the ongoing diagnosis. As a result of left ventricle dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension might arise due to the passive backward transmission of elevated left-sided filling pressures which occur due to systolic or diastolic LV dysfunction (Rosenkranz 2016). As per the authors, patients with left ventricular heart failure (HF) are likely to suffer the develop ment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and there is a significant impact on disease progression, morbidity, and mortality. A pulse rate of 120 beats/minute Also, a pulse rate of 120 beats/minute especially when resting or sleeping in the case of Mrs Brown is abnormal. According to Slaughter et al. (2010), a standard pulse rate should be between 60 and 100 beats/minute. Some of the things that may have caused Mrs Browns heart beat to increase above the standard rate include high blood pressure, food allergies and thyroid diseases. It is to be noted that Mrs. Brown had already been diagnosed with heart failure 2 years back. High blood pressure might also lead to heart failure due to left ventricular hypertrophy. Ventricular hypertrophy is the thickening of the heart muscle that leads to muscle relaxation between heart beats that are less effective. The heart is incapable of pumping blood for reaching to the organs of the body, especially at the time of exercises. Due to this, the body holds on to the fluids and the heart rate increases. Asthma, smoking and sedentary lifestyle are also attributed to increased heartbeat (Craft et al., 2015) . Lungs auscultation Lastly, given that the auscultation of Mrs Browns lungs identified bilateral basal crackles, she maybe had excess fluid in her lungs. Bilateral basal crackles are majorly caused by pneumonia which results into pus-filled and inflamed air sacs in the lungs. Likewise, bronchitis (that may lead to a severe cough and wheezing) and pulmonary oedema (causes blood pressure and collection of fluid in the lungs air sacs) are important causes of bilateral basal crackles (Yancy et al., 2013). Nursing strategies to manage Mrs Brown condition The first major policy is the comprehensive nursing assessment that includes various non-pharmacological interventions. Under this strategy, the nurses focus primarily on patient observation to ascertain the effectiveness of the treatment and intervention procedures (Wagner et al., 2014). The nurses are also tasked with understanding and implementing various patient self-management strategies. As such, the nurses will first assess Mrs Browns health history to establish conditions such as dyspnoea and oedema. The patients understanding of left heart failure is also explored coupled with other relevant physical examination (McMurray et al., 2012). For example, in the case of Mrs Brown, the nurses auscultated the lungs to establish the presence of crackles and wheezes. This nursing strategy will also involve measuring the urinary output of Mrs Brown as a form of diuretic therapy (Craft et al., 2015). The care plan under this strategy includes the promotion of patients physical activity and stressing of the patients self-care program among other relevant programs. Also, there is the pharmacological nursing management strategy that includes using diuretics to relieve associated systems of left heart failure such as oedema (Aitken, Marshall, Chaboyer, 2016). For instance, given that Mrs Brown has a history of heart failure, aspirin will be the most efficient anti-heart failure medication. Mechanism of action of IV furosemide and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate IV furosemide is a potent diuretic that is used in the elimination of water and salt from the body (Aitken, Marshall, Chaboyer, 2016). The drug function by blocking sodium, chloride, and water from being absorbed in the kidney tubules. After an oral admission of IV furosemide, there will be an increase in urine output that is eliminated from the body. The recommended dosage of IV furosemide is 20-80 mg per dose among adults administered every 6-8 hours. Correspondingly, sublingual glyceryl trinitrate works by making the bodys veins and arteries to relax and dilate making it easier for the heart to pump more blood to other parts of the patients body (McMurray et al., 2012). The drug with is orally administered is quickly absorbed into the body and prevent possible heart attack, high blood pressure, and chest pains. Nursing implication of the stipulated drugs Common side effects of IV furosemide include reduced blood pressure, dehydration, nausea, diarrhoea, dizziness and abnormal pain. Some of the side effects of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate also include a headache, dizziness, fainting, increased heartbeat, tongue ulcers and allergic reactions. The nurse must educate the patient about these potential side effects so that the patient is aware of the medical conditions that require immediate medical attention. Educating the patient about the side effect ensures that she is able to demonstrate self-management techniques for combating medical emergencies. Diuretic therapy through the administration of Furosemide is significant in providing the patient with a sense of relief from the symptoms of fluid retention associated with heart failure. The nurse is required to monitor and record the weight, pulse, blood pressure and lung sounds of the patient. In addition, the patient needs to be assessed for peripheral oedema. In case the patient is hypotensive, that is the systolic pressure is less than 100 mmHg, and there are signs of dizziness, fatigue or muscle cramps, the cardiologist is to be consulted at the earliest. The patient has to be reviewed the next day, and the symptoms are to be assessed again. The main element of the reassessment would be fluid status. This can be monitored by assessing the mucous membrane and skin integrity. When Sublingual glyceryl trinitrate is given, it is imperative to assess the vital signs appropriately. The drug is to be administered with caution to patients who are hypotensive or hypovolemia. The patie nt needs to be checked for thee level of consciousness. Moisture on sublingual tissue is required for dissolution of a sublingual tablet, and this needs to be taken care of. The nurse must also look for symptoms such as a headache, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, fever and cold skin (Liley et al., 2014). References Aitken, L., Marshall, A., Chaboyer, W. (2016).Acccn's Critical Care Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Craft, J., Gordon, C., Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., Brashers, V. L. (2015).Understanding pathophysiology-ANZ adaptation. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., Snyder, J. S. (2014).Pharmacology and the Nursing Process-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. McMurray, J. J., Adamopoulos, S., Anker, S. D., Auricchio, A., Bhm, M., Dickstein, K., ... Jaarsma, T. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012.European journal of heart failure,14(8), 803-869. Slaughter, M. S., Pagani, F. D., Rogers, J. G., Miller, L. W., Sun, B., Russell, S. D., ... Adamson, R. M. (2010). Clinical management of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices in advanced heart failure.The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation,29(4), S1-S39. Wagner, K. D., Hardin-Pearce, M. G., Brenner, Z. R., Krenzer, M. (2014). High-acuity nursing. Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D. E., Drazner, M. H., ... Johnson, M. R. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure.Circulation, CIR-0b013e31829e8776.

Planning Is the Best Way to Improve the Quality of the Environment free essay sample

There is no agreed definition of ‘environmental planning’; most studies have had an arduous job in trying to meet a description for it as the environment covers a wide range of issues. In one sense, all Town and Country Planning is concerned with the environment. (Cullingworth Nadin, 1997, p163) But as the issue of environmental concerns have risen up the political agenda a number of non-planning organisations have had an increasing role to play. It must be noted that the role planning in the environment is not a new instrument in its protection; The Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968 prohibited the emission of dark smoke, in an effort to improve environmental quality. This essay intends to discuss the main instruments use in the contemporary planning system in the UK, which are handed the task of protecting and improving the environment. It begins by briefly outlining the reasons why planning is used for environmental protection and its new role in promoting sustainability. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning Is the Best Way to Improve the Quality of the Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These objectives are highlighted in recent government papers and are explored in the objectives outlined in LA21. The next section reveals how the planning system might be seen as failing these objectives and its shortcomings by a brief comparison with other nations, thus providing conclusions for the suitability of planning as the best way of improving environmental quality. The United Kingdom’s Town and Country Planning system is the framework within which the development and use of land is determined. It provides a structure within which economic, social and environmental considerations can be weighed to help secure sustainable development. (DETR, 1996) Planning has been illustrated as the main advocate in achieving sustainable development; it is placed with the task to guide suitable development within a sustainable context via its development control methods. This seems an obvious choice as the framework within the UK planning system is already in place to successfully implement policy on sustainable development, throughout all levels of government. Traditionally the Town and Country Planning system in the UK has had a pro-development bias, it is argued that in order to improve and maintain the environment, planners have to alter this ethos to accept greener issues. What has always been apparent within the realms of environmental planning is the major role that politics plays. Indeed Britain’s reluctance in environmental concerns was partly due to the conservative regimes of promoting a market-led economy, free of state intervention, it was not until the 1980s that the ‘environment’ rose up the political agenda with the potential of being a major vote winner. Before which, it was argued by Thatcher that environmental planning had be taking place for some years via the planner’s use of material considerations. The Conservative government took a dramatic u-turn and its views on state free from intervention were quashed as it accepted the terms outlined in 1992 Earth Summit. The conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, hosted talks for one hundred and fifty nations, it was at this conference where sustainability found a structure, in Agenda 21. The following section discusses the issue of sustainable development and its implementation through Agenda 21, outlining the responsibility of the UK planning regime to enhance and protect the environment. Sustainable Development Agenda 21 It is argued that the UK Sustainable Development Strategy should be viewed as providing the guiding principles for environmental planning in the UK. Sustainability is seen as one of the main advocates for providing planning policies that protect and provide quality environments throughout the UK. It is certainly true that the issue of sustainability is a concept that surrounds environmental policy. However its large adoption since the resurrection of green issues in the 1960s has lead to is its overuse and ambiguity. The term has become a symbol of environmentalism in contemporary politics. Governments, academics and environmental groups have tried to attain an answer as they continue to commit to sustainable policy. It is hardly surprising that the idea of sustainability has encompassed a number of differing views, one of the most famous ideas is included in the 1987 Brundtland Report: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ’ (as cited in Cullingworth Nadin, 1997, p164) However the issue of sustainable development became a reality in the creation of Agenda 21, in Rio, 1992. This marked a comprehensive world programme for sustainable development in the twenty-first century, and the adoption of a wide degree of public participation. In the UK this is organised at central and local government levels. The former resulted in the Sustainable Development Strategy of 1994. At the local level, Local Agenda 21 (LA21) calls for each local authority to prepare and adopt a local sustainable development strategy. LA21 provides an opportunity to promote and maintain environmental quality at a level where the public can immediately feel the effects. It is essential that LA21 is a process by which the public can get involved in environmental issues affecting their immediate area, thus educating the population in the concepts of sustainability. LA21 is the process of drawing up and implementing local sustainable development plans, with the local authority working in partnership with citizens, local organisations and businesses to achieve this. (RCEP, 1999, p7) LA21 intentions are not purely environmental; sustainability includes social and economic issues that cover the community as a whole in an effort to build a consensus between people, rather than the traditional, confrontational ways of working. Once goals are sought, progress can be made and evaluated, by measuring progress. However the UK government could be criticised for being a little slow to respond to the issues outlined in Rio, the guidance for local authorities was issued in 1998. It came in the form of the good practice guide on Planning for Sustainable Development, from the DETR. In 1999 Labour introduced a new strategy for sustainable development, entitled A Better Quality of Life, it highlighted four key principles: 1. Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone 2. Protection of the environment 3. Prudent use of natural resources 4. Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment (DETR, 1999) However the guidance has been criticised for its lack of strategic vision, as it sets no quantitative targets or timetables. This is highlighted in the notion that it is a very broad document, as there is a need to secure the approval from other Ministries in order to initiate new policy commitments. (UWE, 2000) Problems of the planning system in protecting the Environment Advisory bodies have promoted the need for target-led planning for a number of years. The term objective-led planning is aimed at broader strategic goals, e. g. Improving air quality, whereas target-led planning relates to more specific goals, e. g. Ozone levels not exceeding a certain concentration over a specified time period, as in the case for the inner London Boroughs. However there is still reluctance by government to set concrete targets in some sectors or areas at national level. They prefer to leave it up to the lower tiers of government, which can often cause considerable strain, e. . Meeting housing targets. However target-led planning is slowly becoming the norm for many local authorities as they implement their plans. They usually involve targets for the protection of sites, air quality, waste recycling etc. Central advice is starting to emerge, referring to the advice outlined in the DETR’s Planning for Sustainable Development: Towards Better Practice, 1998; here it noted that guidance on sustainability should contain specific targets, which could be incorporated into RPGs. It is these relationships between national and local objectives which will need to be observed closely in the near future in order to determine how different interests are integrated in the final production of plans. In many areas, there needs to be a greater range of targets, with clear strategies for their implementation. The problem is that plans remain plans unless they are implemented and with only 30% of all local authorities having theirs in place in 1998, sustainable policy will remain unactioned theory. DETR, 1999a, p2) It is vital that the plans are implemented in order to set realistic targets. Environmental planning in the UK is currently in a period of significant change. This is at all levels and across many issues. The number of plans, strategies, begin produced today is far greater than at any previous period. This is partly the result of extensive criticism over many years from the lack of planning in areas; most of it derives from EU or international developments (80% of all UK environmental policy originated in the EU). Plans have been advocated as being the primary source of reference in determining sustainable objectives that improve the quality of the environment. Environmental plans have subsequently grown considerably from local authorities, government agencies and ad hoc groups, which has brought together different issues. The number of plans should not be seen as a problem, the important issue is whether their development is co-ordinated and to what effect decision-makers implement them. As we near 2002, the next Earth Summit will ask questions of LA21, as the UK councils are getting ready to launch their plans. However work has already begun on Community Plans, which outline strategies for the well being of the local area and its people, again all councils are required to produce these. In aim theyre very like LA21, it is not clear how the two will connect together. In some places the LA21 is acting as the first draft of the Community Plan, which has advantages and disadvantages. In other places completely different teams of officers are developing the Community Plan, and theres no guarantee of any connection between the two. It seems obvious that the people who took the trouble to have an input into the LA21 process will want to see some action come about as a result. Another concern is that Community Planning doesnt have the connection to the global picture that LA21 has built in. As environmental issues have become more complex, ways have been sought to measure the impacts of development. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a procedure introduced into the British planning system as a result of an EC Directive. EIA provides a powerful tool for aiding planning decisions; it has highlighted questions on the technical understanding of the environment and the availability of relevant information and skills. EIA needs to be able to subjectively demonstrate its understanding of development with their effects on the environment. The education of planners and access to environmental information is essential in making sense of the answers. Recent studies have shown that the UK does not have the extensive requirements for environmental assessment as some of its European counterparts. Sweden and the Netherlands have quite stringent regulations on the environmental assessment of its planning applications, New Zealand in particular requires all planning applications to have an environmental impact assessment statement. (UWE, 2000) This illustrates the differing views on sustainable objectives; countries such as Sweden and the Netherlands have interpreted it in terms of very specific principles, whereas the UK has applied a plethora of general statements, which incorporate the environment, economic and social dimensions of sustainability. However there is an overall general recognition from European countries towards the need for a more comprehensive view of planning. The importance of planning is perhaps best highlighted by looking at those nations which have a relatively weak framework; the USA system adopts a vary degree of influences, to the extent where it is difficult to identify any particular ethos. Major influences arise from the roles of non-governmental organisations and the US courts. It is worth noting that the USA has been one of the nations who have struggled to attain sustainable objectives. Is the UK planning system the best way to improve the environment? The UK needs to gain a greater understanding of sustainability and environmental protection and the implications for the operation of environmental planning. It seems that there are clear holes in national strategic planning, which have left the decisions to the lower tiers of government. Part of the reason could be the UK’s fairly complicated legislative framework, which perhaps needs to be simplified to allow for greater integration of environmental planning. IEEP, 1999, p60) This rigidness is reflected at all levels, but is particularly noticeable in local government where professional officers now have to understand the large scope of environmental policy, whilst adapting from an ethos of development led planning. Another factor is that senior planning officials may lack the environmental expertise needed to review planning applications. A issue accentuated by the fact most environmental data is presented with in-depth scientific knowledge, planners often have to sub-contract these aspects of an application to environmental experts. This is accentuated by the fact that pressure from central government to reduce the time taken to process planning applications may well conflict with environmental assessment, which invariably is a lengthy process. Criticisms of planners originate from the political nature of their profession. The key principle to maintain is the fact that the final decision rest with Politicians, planners have to remain the professional advisor, therefore the power to govern the land environmental will always remain in the hands of a political advocate. In reflection, planning in the UK has had a range of powerful tools that can effectively govern the environmental implemented in recent years. The main stimulus cannot be attributed to the national government, who have largely been apprehensive if not hostile in their approach to environmental policy. The spread of environmental concern is a direct result of public and international pressure; consequently governments have had to respond. The environment’s direct conflict with development has ensured that action has filter down to planning systems, which can effectively govern and control evelopment. The huge task of ensuring sustainable objectives is thus left to the local authority via the guidance from regional and central government, however the vagueness of which, means that LA21 objectives will vary greatly. This uncertainty has ensured that local sustainable development plans have been slow to be implemented. This is accentuated by the government’s reluctance to establish target-led planning, which could provide a valuable insight on how to tackle sustainable objectives head on. Therefore the issue of planning as the best means to improve environmental quality does represent an insincere statement. Planning is certainly a powerful tool in environmental protection, which is perhaps not being utilised to its fullest extent, but it will always have a heavy political influence. The growth of agencies outside the planning regime such as the Environment Agency can help ensure that environmental quality is maintained.

Apple Macintosh Marketing

Apple Macintosh Marketing Introduction Evolution in today’s technology has transformed the world systems’ enormously. At the advent of computers until now, there has been a great leap in technology and consumer’s need for technologically oriented products (Promotion: Integrated Marketing Communication 2010; Palmer and Hartley 2008; Schieffer 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Apple Macintosh Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With processes that were perceived to initially take very long time to complete, computers and related technology has ensured such processing time is drastically reduce based on their processing speed. Technical and highly abstract algorithms have now been redefined by the using computers; this has enabled tremendous advancements in technology. The advancements have been largely defined and successfully based on a number of factors. Currently the trend is that technology would be benefic ial as per its application (Capon 2009; Chan and Mauborgne 2004; De Mooji 2003). To date, computer age is perhaps the fastest evolving facet of life. This has necessitated manufacturers of computer related products to find ways of producing products that are highly technical and user friendly. Synonymously, Microsoft Corporation and Apple Incorporation are the major computer technology manufacturers who have continued to strive in gaining a sizeable market share of their products. Lately, Microsoft Corporation products have gained a substantial share of the market as opposed to Apple Incorporation’s products. However, as brand preference trends continue to change, it seems that each of these companies has its own command of commercial dominance. This research was intended to study the reasons as to why Apple’s operating system, the Mac OS X is not as popular with computer users as it’s counterpart Microsoft windows operating system. The study involved a market r esearch meant to highlight the key factors that have led to this status. One of the ways the study was done involved the use of questionnaires (Deshpande 1993). It was necessary during this process to understand reasons why Apple Mac enthusiasts acquired Mac OS X preloaded systems, yet still went ahead to buy Microsoft windows operating system and installed o their Apple Mac hardware.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was assumed that in order to understand this trend and offer conclusive market research findings then the windows and Mac OS X operating system users were interviewed and then preference data based on the features and use of each of the operating systems gathered and analyzed (Silberschatz, Gagne and Galvin 2002). Generally, in the operating system market share, Apple Mac OS X only commands a total market share of 7%. Therefore, this market research attempted to point out the reasons behind this trend and possible solution or remedies deduced. Therefore, although there are other operating systems like UNIX and Linux that have little market share, this research only focused on Microsoft windows operating system and Apple Mac OS X. The findings of this market research are likely to assist the manufacturers of the Mac OS X operating system to redefine their marketing strategy or possibly re-engineer their product to improve their market share (McQuarrie 1996; Orville and Mullins 2007). Executive Summary Computer has become a tool and necessity in all activities we carry out today. As a product the computer is quickly evolving to try and satisfy the ever changing technological requirements of its user. This research focused on a commitment of the computer system as well as one operating brand preference over the other (Doole, Lancaster and Lowe 2004; Hague, Hague and Morgan 2004; Jobber 2009). The research was intended to enumerat e the reasons for Apple Mac OS X commanding only a 7% market shares whereas the Microsoft windows operating system takes about 70%. Generally, the research findings pointed out the fact that most users encounter the Microsoft windows operating system at entry level which unlike the Mac OS X, which is uncommon. As a result many people gets quickly acquainted to Microsoft’s windows operating system even before they can try to use the other operating systems. Therefore, the brand preference trend indicates that Mac OS X has a 7% of the total operating systems’ market share, of the sixty people interviewed during this market research on brand preference, only six respondents had a preference for the Mac OS X, this translated to about 7%.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Apple Macintosh Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These respondents were indeed those who encountered Mac OS X during their intro ductory levels to computer literacy and usage. It is therefore valid to assume that these respondents are loyal users of Mac computers that are preloaded with the Mac OS X. The conclusion to this research indicates that Mac OS X has ways in which they can improve their market share. Continued aggressive campaigns can contribute to such progress. Users seem to prefer consistency, a feature they seem to attach to the windows operating system as opposed to Mac OS X (Patton 2001). Therefore, Mac OS X can also redefine their standard features that would not change their subsequent releases (Apple Computer Inc. 1994; Lu 1992). One of the resource persons indicated the fact that snow leopard, one of Mac OS versions was as unpopular as Microsoft vista, yet the company did very little when compared to their rivals. Rather than keep changing and introducing new features, Mac OS can attain product stability if they would improve their products features, a factor that can help them to command a larger market than what they have now. Research Methodology This was a comparative research and hence a qualitative approach to research was considered suitable. Qualitative research approach is an explorative process used to collect, analyze and report data based on certain research question (Calder 1977; Creswell 2006). This approach went through a number of steps which formed the design of the study. these included identifying the research problem, research purpose specification, design selection and collecting data, analyzing the data, reporting and analyzing the research as a whole, results dissemination and finally evaluation of the research. The qualitative approach requires that data be collected and organized before analysis. The data would then be coded and themes and descriptions be derived to establish a concept based on them. This is how the data was validated for accuracy and reliability.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The qualitative research approach is different from quantitative approach where the latter calls for explanation and prediction of relationships among variables. The quantitative approach begins with a theory whereas qualitative approach ends with the hypothesis. Samples in the quantitative approach are selected based on scientific theory. Mathematical models are used to validate data in the quantitative approach to research. After a thorough examination of various methods available for conducting our research, it was decided that the research questions be answered when data was being obtained directly from the targeted subjects through questionnaires which formed the primary research portion of this study (Beall 2010; Blythe and Megicks 2010). The data was further evaluated using qualitative approach. The approach was used to analyze the collected data from the questionnaires. Questionnaires were considered suitable for this research because they are cost effective and can be admin istered easily even when the researchers wanted to collect confidential data from the respondents (Bradley 2010). In the designing stage, the researcher made a plan and prepared a methodology which had to be clear enough to avoid confusion or data redundancy. How to design the questionnaires and the questions to be asked were then arrived at in line with the research question and objectives. The participants were then selected as per the criteria that were derived from the research objective. The number of respondents used in this research was based on the subject under investigation where a total of sixty participants were considered a good sample size. Secondary data was also collected based on the critical review of the documents and web content based on the assessment of the continuous low percentage in using Apple Mac OS X as compared to the Microsoft windows operating systems. The literature selected were those concerned with the brand preference for operating systems, likely reasons for these variations in brand preferences between Microsoft windows operating system and Apple Mac OS X. The results of the research were very essential in making the final recommendations and conclusion. An analysis strategy was carefully done in line with the research questions, objectives and hypothesis (Blythe 2008; Bond, Stone and Bryan 2004; Bonoma 1985). Before this, the collected data was used to compare the research findings with related literature in order to develop accurate results that could be relied upon when making recommendations for the disparity highlighted over the usage of the two operating systems. Determining the resource persons for the research, the research objectives and the research questions were all developed prior to the event of data collection. In qualitative research, the researcher has to be actively involved though interactions and participation in an attempt of coming up with the best results. There are some general roles assumed by a res earcher as stated below; Taking responsibility for finding out what is expected in the research. Taking the initiative in raising problems or difficulties. Helping the supervisory team to ensure consistency. Discussing with the supervisory team how to make guidance more effective, including disability related concerns. Undertaking research training as agreed and where need is identified. Undertaking recommended reading. Producing written work as agreed. Complying with reporting procedures and informing supervisors of the progress of his research. Reporting to the supervisor about difficulties he/she encounters in his work. Arranging for informal sharing of information and practice. Generating own ideas. Setting realistic deadlines. Asking and seeking clarification when he/she dont understand. Deciding when to submit the thesis and ensure that it is submitted on time. Ensuring that the thesis complies with regulations. During this research the researcher conducted some prior discus sion where he informed the participants on what was expected of them as a request. The information and hypothesis formulation were established based on the field study data gathered by questionnaire as well as literature reviews. It is obvious that there is a lot of relevant data in the public domain related to brand preference as far as operating systems is concerned. The table (Table 1) below summarizes some of these statistics gotten from the research. Table 1: Percentage usage for the operating systems from Microsoft and Apple Research Findings The general conclusion from the research findings based on the respondents, is that about 71.7% showed preference for Microsoft’s operating systems range. The reasons cited ranged from having faith in an established brand name to trusting a product with consistency. One ardent Microsoft windows operating system user noted the fact that it was easier to learn and use subsequent versions of the windows operating systems, made it eas ier to cling on the product. There was also a general public notion that a product that is widely used had a better quality than the one used with fewer people. However, this research could not prove such facts considering putting into consideration that in other device categories Apple’s Mac OS headed the group over Microsoft as indicated in the trend preference diagrams below (LeVitus 2011). Table 2: Percentage usage for operating systems – see appendix for chart. The usage trend can further be plotted as indicated in the graph below Mobile devices category shows that Apple’s iOS has a larger market share than Microsoft products as indicated in the chart below These findings also indicate that Microsoft windows operating systems were closely associated with the IBM hardware. However, it was not mandatory that all IBM hardware would be preloaded with Microsoft windows operating system. Contrary, Apple’s hardware had Mac OS preloaded on all their hardw are. This meant that users had more freedom to choose the operating system to install on non Apple computers. Ostensibly, the operating system of choice for this kind of set up was a Microsoft windows operating system. It is possible that Mac OS can compete more effectively with Microsoft windows operating systems if it would be freed from Apple Mac computers. Some of respondents interviewed during this research pointed out the fact that the windows operating systems had an upper hand in terms of the available gaming software than Apple’s Mac OS X which was more video oriented. As such a category of computer games enthusiasts are automatically locked out from the Mac OS X hence would prefer windows due to such limitations. However, in smart phone operating systems the trend is a reverse, with the Mac OS X having an upper hand over windows about nine times behind Apple (see the chart above). The fact that Mac OS X was preloaded and shipped with the associated hardware, the Mac computer for the past two decades made the market uptake of this operating system sluggish. In any case people would still buy Mac computers because they want to own a Mac even as the survey revealed. However, it was observed that people would also buy windows boxes because they wanted a computer; this ha led to more people being acquainted to the windows operating system as the computer operating system of their time. Still the pricing that Apple tagged on their preloaded system was far out of reach for the ordinary computer buyer who would opt for the windows box instead and therefore ended up with the windows operating system as first choice (Zeithaml 1998). Conclusion and Recommendations This market research has established a number of vital findings that can be of benefit to Apple Incorporation to improve on their Mac OS X market share. Most important though is the fact that most of the respondents interviewed indicated that they more easily associated with Microsoft windows o perating systems because the price of Mac computers which are usually shipped preloaded with Mac OS X were way out of their reach. Though ardent Apple Mac OS X buyers and users enumerated the features that they mostly like be included in subsequent Mac OS X versions, these included the gamming components, which they rated a head to head comparison with Microsoft’s operating systems. Even the ardent still went to get a copy of Microsoft Windows operating system according to respondent no16 on their Mac computers to ‘test and feel it’. Generally, some ardent Mac OS X users were once Microsoft windows operating system users who decided to change for exploration purposes. Therefore, they still have a preference for the Microsoft operating system. However, the study also revealed that the Mac OS X has a stronger following from those who use UNIX which offers comparable features to the Mac OS X. This study indicates that the trend is not likely to change very soon unle ss Apple Incorporation radically redesign the Mac OS X so that it be platform independent. It can be considered from the study that Microsoft effectively captured a market need for affordable computers and used a pricing strategy to set up their competitive advantage (Solomon 2008; Strategic marketing plan: Center for business planning, 2010; Wilson 2002; Wilson 2006). This has effectively achieved a sizeable market share that is currently standing at around 90% of all desktop operating system buyers. The probable recommendation based on the findings from this study would be, to advice Apple Incorporation to find ways of shipping Mac OS X or subsequent versions as independent products. This should go with a price revision and feature enhancement which is likely to positively contribute to Mac OS X market share. Therefore, as much as Mac OS X commands a nine times lead over Microsoft windows within the smart phone category, Apple Incorporation can effectively utilize this to their ad vantage if they re-introduce the Mac OS X as a separate product from their Mac computer. Reference List Apple Computer Inc., 1994. Inside macintosh (Apple Technical Library). 2nd ed. Muchen: Addison Wesley Publishing Company. Beall, A., 2010. Strategic Market Research: A Guide to Conducting Research that Drives Businesses. Bloomington: iUniverse Star. Blythe, J. and Megicks, P., 2010.Marketing Planning: Strategy, environment and context. 6th ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Blythe, J., 2008. Essentials of Marketing. 4th ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Bond, A., Stone, M. and Bryan. F., 2004. Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer (Market Research in Practice). London: Kogan Page. Bonoma, T., 1985. Case research in marketing: Opportunities, problems and a process. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(2), pp.199-208. Bradley, N., 2010. Marketing Research: tools and techniques. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Oxford: OUP Oxford. Cald er, B., 1977. Focus groups and the nature of qualitative marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), pp. 353-364. Capon , C., 2009. Understanding the business environment. 3rd ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Creswell, J., 2006. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Chan, K.W. and Mauborgne, R., 2004. Creating uncontested market space: Blue ocean strategy, [Online] Available at: valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kim_blue_ocean_strategy.html . De Mooji, M.K., 2003. Consumer behavior and culture. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc. Deshpande, R., 1983. Paradigms lost: ON theory and methods in research marketing. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(4), pp.101-110. Doole, I., Lancaster, P. and Lowe, R., 2004. Understanding and managing customers. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Hague, P., Hague, N. and Morgan, C., 2004. Market Research in Practice. London: Kogan Page. Jobber , D., 2009. Principles and practice of marketing. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. LeVitus, B., 2011. Mac OS X Lion for dummies (For Dummies (Computer/Tech)). Hoboken: For Dummies. Lu, C., 1992. Apple macintosh book. 4th ed. Redmond: Microsoft Press. McQuarrie, E., 1996. The market research toolbox: A concise guide for beginners. Thousand Oaks: Sage Inc. Orville, C.W. and Mullins, J.W., 2007. Marketing Strategy: A decision focused approach. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. Promotion: Integrated Marketing Communication, 2010. USC Marshall, [Online] Web. Palmer, A. and Hartley, B. 2008. The Business environment. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Patton, M., 2001. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Schieffer, R., 2005. Ten Key Customer Insights: Unlocking the Mind of the Market. Boston: South-Western Educational Pub. Silberschatz, A., Gagne, G. and Galvin, P., 2002. Operating system concepts (Windows XP Update). 6th ed. New York: Wiley. Solomon, M.R., 2008.The truth about what consumers want. Boston, MA: FT Press. Strategic marketing plan: Center for business planning, 2010. Business plans, [Online] Web. Wilson, A., 2006. Marketing research: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Wilson, A., 2002. Marketing research: An integrated approach. London: Financial Times Management. Zeithaml, V., 1998. Consumer perceptions of price, quality and value: A means end model and synthesis evidence. The Journal of Marketing, 52(3), pp. 2-22.

Loyalty Programmes in Hotels Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11750 words

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Gender and Work - Masculine or Feminine Work Essay

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Recovery From Acute Stroke

Recovery From Acute Stroke This assignment will concentrate on how team of different health professionals will help Alfred (from the case study) on his journey of recovery from acute stroke. The following health professionals may be required to team up in order to help Alfred on his journey to recover: Physiotherapist( help tackle weakness or paralysis), Orthotist (help with muscle function by supporting limbs with braces), Occupation Therapist (help on day-to-day activities), Speech and language therapist (tackles the damage done to communication skills), Dietician (provide advice on eating a healthy diet), psychiatrist (help with emotional difficulties), optician (can recommend aids such eye patch), Social worker (to deal with his welfare and that of his mother), Radiographer (to deal with scans) and Doctor (refers Alfred to all other professionals and prescribe treatment) (Stroke Association, 2010). The team will try to lower and stabilise the condition, prevent from reoccurring and support Alfred to do things which he cannot do by himself. First, will highlights different s key skills needed by interprofessional, then will identify and talk about different factors that may influence care plan received by Alfred. Furthermore different organisational structures which will affect the care plan received by Alfred will be discussed. Also elaboration of different codes of conducts and how will help different professions to do their job effectively. Never the less there will be highlights of different legislations and will show how they deliver care plan for the service user. An interprofessional team is a type of multicultural environment, in which the unique cultures of professions, departments, agencies and disciplines come together for common purpose (Martin Rogers 2004). According to Wade et al., (1985), the health professional team is to help the patient to return to normal physical, social and emotional state whenever possible. Highlight key skills that you think your profession and other professions possess that positively assists Alfred on his journey towards recovery? Professional need to have shared skills based on common overview and clearer knowledge of different perspectives of patient and other professionals (Keene, 2001). There are many share skills in multidisciplinary team but today only few will explained. The team will need good communication to help Alfred to know his future health rehabilitation and personal centred care which will enable to empower and offer him a degree of his control regarding the care he receives from all professionals. It is also important for disciplinary groups to communicate within each other to ensure continuity of care and monitor Alfreds progress in all aspect of his life. In relation to communication, it is important that Alfred is regularly assessed to ensure that effective care plan is put in place. Along with care plan goals and measures are incorporated this is to offer motivation to Alfred and highlights any area of extra support which will be required. During the assessment progress problems will also be highlighted e.g. what type of Occupation Therapy equipment will be needed, checking if his medication working effectively, if he receives enough required support such as day centre access, benefits and diet requirements. Identify and discuss a number of different factors that may influence/impinge upon the care package received by Alfred, e.g. values, altitudes, beliefs and issues of equality and how these may affect your decision making. Concerns regarding Alfreds life style in terms of value, believes and altitude has to be considered within his care package due to the effects it has on his health. Patient must be treated with respect and should not be discriminated in anyway. Issues like smoking will be attempted to be addressed as advised will be offered along with counselling, to help Alfred reduce his smoking. Professions should help Alfred without influencing or discriminating against his smoking habit. Alfred care plan can also be affected due to stress regarding his mother hill health, therefore it will be considered to provide care to his mother. Alfred will also be encouraged to socialise with his old friend and restart activities such as dart as part of his rehabilitation. This will be decided due to his passion for dart and provide an incentive to stop smoking. Alfred care plan will also contain a strong routine; this decision was influenced with the fact that, Alfred lived a sedentary life style before his stroke. Identify and discuss how the different structures within organisations can affect the care received by Alfred? In order for Alfred to receive a positive experience of his care it is important that the care groups are governed by different structures. These structures can be more formal and legal by structure to that of informal and less professional approach of volunteers (Wade et al., 1985). E.g. volunteer groups are general selected on their basis of liability and interest, while groups like National Health Services (NHS) employ people based on qualification, knowledge and ability. Those who work in volunteered centre are usually provided with very basic training, whilst professional worker by law and regulations have to be training more intensively and adequately to provide service. Volunteer groups are very valuable to Alfred care as they can offer a more personal approach and helping to build a more friendly relationship which will help release stress and concerns to Alfred. Professional buddies are less likely to achieve due to restrictions with time and resources. Together all these organisations will help to provide Alfred with a more complete care package. Things that will affect Alfred recovery will be, not been able to communicate affectively, time management and poor attendance within organisation. How do the different codes of conduct support you and the wider team to deliver care and treatment to Alfred? Codes of conducts are very important principle of health care which provides good structure to all persons and organisations. They provide a core element on what should be covered and achieved when providing support. According to HPC (2008), all health professionals are under duty to put the patients first, this must be demonstrated by all team members when they work to fulfil the common goal which is to help Alfred on his journey to recover. Confidentiality should be maintained by keeping all Alfreds health-related records private and keep them in safe locked cupboard all the time. Alfred has the right to know his financial and medical information will be looked after and he will be informed if that privacy is breached. Multidisciplinary team members must respect Alfreds rights to refuse treatment or a treatment option, if he may wish to do so. E.g. Alfred may refuse the exercise routine which has been prescribed by his physician, if he thinks the routine is too much for him. Alfred must be treated with courtesy and respect regardless his belief, values and diversity. What examples of different legislation might you have to pay due regard to in the delivery of care of Alfred? The followings are few of legislations that will apply in Alfreds case; Health and Safety Act 1974, Equality Act 2010 and Data Protection Act 1998. For the team to perform Health and Safety Professionals must make sure that Alfreds is in safe environment all time by carrying out risk assessments, due to these assessments the team will identify what might cause harm to Alfred and all the key people around him. There must be a first Aid kit available in the premises, all professionals must put on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) whenever needed and report all incidents might occur. All professionals and other people who look after him must be trained to use particular equipments when performing a particular task (Health and Safety Act 1974). According to Equality Act 2010, all profession will need to treat Alfred without any judgement or any discrimination against any belief that he has. Team need to maintain democracy and peoples right in order to provide equal rights to Alfreds. Alfreds self esteem and confidence must be kept to the level and try not to make him feel isolated or psychological stressed. According to Data Protection Act, 1998, people must protect against misuse of information about them. Alfreds data should be kept safe and prevented from unauthorised access and against loss accident damage or total destruction. The Professional team must provide and maintain confidentiality in Alfreds data records all the time. Conclusion The multidisciplinary team collaborated effectively because they were all client orientated and passionate with what they were doing. They all cared about Alfreds needs. All multidisciplinary team members had different perspective and different opinions individually but they all had one aim, to help Alfred through his journey of recovering. They all had say and fair participation in Alfreds care, although all professionals came from different departments of health organisation, all of them had sharing skills which helped them to understand each other and focus on Alfreds needs. The multidisciplinary team provided quality care by followed all codes of conducts and put all required legislations in place for caring of Alfred. All multidisciplinary team members got strength and weakness in some area however they all looked after each other, from Consultants, Nurses, Occupation Therapies, Radiographers, Social workers and Health social cares. All managed to keep on focussing on helping Al fred, by preventing his condition to worsening, concentrated on caring for Alfreds health and social needs, stabilised and supported him to do things which he couldnt manage to do them by himself in the feature and finally to complete his journey for recovery.